1981, Martin Warner, “Review of Metaphor and Thought by Andrew Ortony”, The Modern Language Review, vol. 76, no. 2, p. 428,
Metaphors provide epistemic access to the world via the articulation of new ideas at a stage when literal language cannot cope.
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Second, note the role of the respondent's epistemic state. It is a factor in determining the correct replies, but only when the propositum is irrelevant.